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David Anderson, Ph.D., (lab website) is a world expert in the science of sexual behavior, violent aggression, fear, and other motivated states. Dr. Anderson is a Professor of Biology at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). His research focuses on understanding the neurobiology of emotion.
In this episode, Andrew Huberman & David Anderson discuss how states of mind and body arise, persist, drive our behavior, and influence the way we interpret our experience and surroundings. They also delve into the kinds of arousal, types of violent aggression, mental health, mental illness, and much more!
Host: Andrew Huberman (@hubermanlab)
Book: The Nature of the Beast: How Emotions Guide Us by David J. Anderson
Emotions, arousal, and sleep are types of internal states – meaning they change the input/output transformation of the brain
Emotion is a neurobiological process instead of a psychological process, not just a “feeling”
“[Emotion] is the part of the iceberg that’s below the surface, the feeling is the tip.” – Dr. David Anderson
Dimensions of states: arousal, intensity, valence (good or bad)
Emotion states and motivation states are very persistent – though not all states have persistence (think of hunger which passes when you eat)
Motivation states are specific: find and eat food, find and drink water, etc.
Valence is less about which specific neurotransmitters are involved and more about which circuits are involved
“Aggression refers more to a description of behavior than the internal state. Aggression could reflect fear, anger, hungry (in animals).” – Dr. David Anderson
Studies have triggered aggression by stimulating the ventral medial hypothalamus (VMH) in mice – the mice like the activation and use the aggression offensively, they leverage it on mice they want to attack or mate (or both)
  • If there’s nothing for the mouse to attack, it’ll just roam around the cage – the minute another mouse is there the story changes
VMH projects to and gets input from about 30 different brain regions – it’s taking in information and synthesizes it to weigh whether to engage in path or backoff
Circuitry complexity: there’s close positioning of neurons that generate fear is next to the neurons that generate offensive aggression
Fear neurons sit on top of aggression neurons; when activated they elicit arousal
Defensive behaviors and fear may have arisen before offensive aggression (you can only think about who’s going to be the alpha male when your needs are met)
Fear in defensive and offensive aggression: intense fear shuts down offensive aggression versus defensive aggression which is enhanced by fear
Accumulated pressure can come from something you’re deprived of and need, or something you want to do driving pressure
Sex differences in aggression: female mice only fight when they’re nurturing and nursing pups (virgin mice will not fight when VMH is stimulated, not fight); male-specific neurons in VMH are sex-specific
An increase in testosterone does not make humans or animals aggressive – it really makes them more of the way they naturally are (i.e., if you’re naturally a jerk you’ll be more of a jerk)
Testosterone plays a role in generating aggression – but, the specific hormones that generate aggression through VMH is actually the estrogen
A castrated mouse will fight again if given estrogen, bypassing the need for testosterone completely
Many of the effects of testosterone are mediated by its conversion to estrogen (aromatization)
Information that there’s an object in front of you comes together with the drive state and tells the animal to pull the trigger and go
There’s a group of males on social media that are part of a “no masturbation” group, encouraging it as a way to maintain their motivation to go out and seek mates and avoid porn addiction, etc.
Fetishes are a fixation or almost requirement of things that have a disgusting connotation (feces, dead bodies, feet) to become sexually aroused
If reward states are turning on in association with something (even if it’s gross to other people), you can be conditioned and change the valence
In mice, different neurons are activated during sniffing, mounting, thrusting, and ejaculation
There could be something that ties thermoregulation to aggressiveness and mating behavior
Mounting behavior can be about sexual expression or about asserting dominance – in mice, for example, males sing when they mount a female but not at all when they mount a male so you can distinguish its intention  
Female-female mounting in mice: it takes place, but the function, hierarchy goal or reason is unknown
The PAG has at least a dozen sectors of neurons projecting from the hypothalamus PAG is responsible for some endogenous pain control – it doesn’t hurt as bad to get punched while you’re in a fight as it will after
PAG is involved in fear, panic behavior, running away, freezing, etc.
Fear-induced analgesia: when an animal is in a high state of fear, pain responses are suppressed
Tachykinin is a short protein encoded by genes in specific neurons which are released together with classic neurotransmitters
The body secretes higher levels of tachykinin when we are not socially connected enough
Tachykinin symptoms: increased irritability, paranoia, fear, loneliness
Social isolation increases aggressiveness and the level of tachykinin in the brain
If you socially isolate a mouse, you cannot put it back in the cage with its family because it will kill them! Think about the implications of solitary confinement
Some new drugs target this specific protein, but pharmaceutical companies are reluctant for some reason
People associate certain parts of their body with certain emotions or feelings – our subjective feeling of emotion is in part associated with a sensation of something happening in a specific part of our body
Emotion involves bidirectional communication between the brain and body, mediated by the peripheral nervous system, autonomic nervous system, and Vagus nerve
Articles
  • Two Different Forms of Arousal in Drosophila Are Oppositely Regulated by the Dopamine D1 Receptor Ortholog DopR via Distinct Neural Circuits (Neuron)
Other Resources
  • Mouse switching from mating behavior to aggressive behaviors upon stimulation of VMH
  • VMH stimulation causes mouse to display aggressive behaviors toward an inanimate object (e.g., glove)
  • Picture of Periaqueductal Gray (PAG